What Is Conjunctivitis?
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva — the thin, transparent layer of tissue that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. When this membrane becomes inflamed, blood vessels become more visible, giving the eye a reddish or pink appearance — hence the nickname “pink eye.”
It can affect one or both eyes and occurs in people of all ages, though it’s especially common among school-going children due to its contagious nature.
Types of Conjunctivitis
Understanding the type of conjunctivitis is crucial for proper treatment:
1. Viral Conjunctivitis
This is the most common type and is highly contagious. It usually accompanies or follows a cold, sore throat, or other viral infection. It often starts in one eye and then spreads to the other.
Symptoms:
- Watery discharge
- Itching or burning
- Swollen eyelids
- Sensitivity to light
Caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, this type is also contagious and can spread through direct contact or contaminated surfaces.
Symptoms:
- Thick yellow or green discharge
- Crusting of eyelashes, especially after sleep
- Redness and irritation
- Swollen lymph nodes in some cases
Triggered by allergens like pollen, dust, mold, or pet dander, this form isn’t contagious and often occurs seasonally.
Symptoms:
- Itchy eyes
- Watery discharge
- Redness in both eyes
- Sneezing or nasal congestion (often accompanies eye symptoms)
4. Chemical or Irritant Conjunctivitis
Exposure to smoke, chlorine in swimming pools, or other irritants can lead to this type of conjunctivitis. Though usually short-lived, it may require medical attention depending on the severity.
What Causes Conjunctivitis?
The root causes vary based on the type:
- Viruses like adenovirus or herpes simplex
- Bacteria from skin or respiratory sources
- Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or cosmetics
- Irritants including smoke, chemicals, and contact lenses
- Poor hygiene, especially hand-to-eye contact
Is Conjunctivitis Contagious?
Yes — viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are both highly contagious, especially in the early stages. They can spread through:
- Touching the infected eye and then touching another surface or person
- Using contaminated towels, makeup, or pillowcases
- Respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing
Symptoms to Watch For
While symptoms may vary, the most common signs of conjunctivitis include:
- Redness in the white of the eye
- Itchy or burning sensation
- Excessive tearing
- Discharge (watery, thick, or colored)
- Swollen eyelids
- Gritty feeling in the eye
- Blurred vision or sensitivity to light (in severe cases)
If symptoms persist beyond a few days or worsen, consult an eye care professional to rule out more serious eye conditions.
How Is Conjunctivitis Diagnosed?
Most cases are diagnosed through a clinical examination. The doctor may ask about your symptoms and examine the eyes using a slit lamp. If needed, a swab of the eye discharge may be taken for laboratory testing, especially in recurring or severe cases.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type of conjunctivitis:
For Viral Conjunctivitis:
- No specific treatment is needed; it usually clears on its own in 7-14 days.
- Use cold compresses, lubricating eye drops, and artificial tears to soothe irritation.
- Avoid contact lenses during infection.
For Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
- Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are commonly prescribed.
- Improvement is usually seen within a few days of treatment.
For Allergic Conjunctivitis:
- Use antihistamines, decongestant eye drops, or allergy medications.
- Avoid exposure to known allergens.
For Chemical or Irritant Conjunctivitis:
- Rinse eyes immediately with clean water.
- Seek medical help if symptoms are severe or persistent.
How to Prevent Conjunctivitis
Here are practical steps to avoid catching or spreading pink eye:
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
- Avoid touching your eyes with unwashed hands.
- Don’t share towels, pillows, makeup, or eye drops.
- Replace makeup and contact lenses after an eye infection.
- Clean eyeglasses regularly.
- Disinfect surfaces like doorknobs and mobile phones.
For children, especially in school settings, keep them home until symptoms subside to prevent outbreaks.
When to See a Doctor
Though conjunctivitis is often minor, you should see a doctor if:
- Vision becomes blurry or worsens
- There is severe pain, sensitivity to light, or swelling
- Symptoms persist beyond a week
- You wear contact lenses and develop symptoms
- You have a weakened immune system or other chronic health issues
Final Thoughts
Conjunctivitis may not be life-threatening, but it certainly impacts comfort and daily life. Recognizing the type and seeking timely treatment can help you recover quickly and avoid spreading it to others. Whether you’re a parent, a student, or an office-goer, a little knowledge and hygiene can go a long way in keeping your eyes bright, clear, and healthy.
So the next time your eye turns red, don’t panic — just blink, breathe, and consult your doctor.
